Thursday, October 25, 2007

Jurnal Tehran : salom khubi


morning in tehran

palace of the toll


Monday, October 22, 2007

Pangkor Treaty of 1874


text of pangkor treaty (in jawi)The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the British and the Sultan of Perak. Signed on January 20, 1874 on the island of Pangkor off Perak, the treaty is significant in history of the Malay states as it signalled official British involvement in the policies of the Malays.

Perak was a major tin producer throughout the nineteenth century, leading the UK, which had already obtained Penang, Malacca and Singapore, to consider Perak of significant importance. However, local strife collectively known as the Larut War between the local Malay elites and frequent clashes between secret Chinese societies disrupted the flow of tin from the mines of Perak.

In 1871, Sultan Ali, the ruler of Perak died. Due to Perak's complex succession system, Raja Abdullah should have been appointed as the next Sultan of Perak but Raja Ismail was elected instead. At around the same time, two secret Chinese societies known as Ghee Hin led by Chin Ah Yam and Hai San led by Chung Keng Quee constantly waged battle against each other for control of the tin mines.
Sultan Abdullah of PerakRaja Abdullah later asked for the British help to solve these two problems. In her book "The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither" (Published 1892 G.P. Putnam's Sons) Victorian traveller and adventuress Isabella Lucy Bird (1831-1904) describes how Raja Muda Abdullah as he then was turned to his friend in Singapore, Tan Kim Ching. Tan, together with an English merchant in Singapore drafted a letter to Governor Sir Andrew Clarke which Abdullah signed. The letter expressed Abdullah's desire to place Perak under British protection, and "to have a man of sufficient abilities to show (him) a good system of government." On the 26th of September, 1872 Chung Keng Quee had already presented a petition, signed by himself and 44 other Chinese leaders, seeking British interference following the attack of 12,000 men of Chung Shan by 2,000 men of Sen Ning. (The Petition.) The British immediately saw this as a great opportunity to expand its influence in Southeast Asia and strengthened its monopoly on tin. As a result, the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was signed.

The agreement dictated:


  • Raja Abdullah was acknowledged as the legitimate Sultan to replace Sultan Ismail who would be given a title and a pension of 1000 Mexican pesos a month.

  • The Sultan would receive a British Resident whose advice had to be sought and adhered to in all matters except those pertaining to the religion and customs of the Malays.

  • All collections and control of taxes as well as the administration of the state had to be done under the name of the Sultan but arranged according to the Resident's advice.

  • The Minister of Larut would continue to be in control, but would no longer be recognized as a liberated leader. Instead, a British Officer, who would have a vast authority in administrating the district, would be appointed in Larut.

  • The Sultan and not the British government would pay the Resident's salary.

  • Perak ceded Dinding and Pangkor Island to the British.



  • Raja Ismail did not attend the meeting arranged between Sir Andrew Clarke and Raja Abdullah. Raja Ismail obviously did not recognize the agreement but he had no choice against the alliance between Raja Abdullah and the British. As a result, Raja Abdullah was made Sultan and Sir James W.W. Birch was appointed as Perak's first British Resident after the treaty came to force.

    Following this agreement, the British actively became involved in three other Malay states; Negeri Sembilan, Selangor and Pahang. These states along with Perak later became the Federated Malay States.

    Durbar Raja-raja Melayu of 1897


    GROUP OF OFFICIALS AT THE FIRST FEDERATED MALAY STATES (FMS) DURBAR AT ISTANA NEGARA, KUALA KANGSAR, 14TH - 17TH JULY 1897. SHOWN IN PICTURES : 1. SULTAN WAN AHMAD (PAHANG); 2. SULTAN ABDUL SAMAT (SELANGOR); 3. SULTAN IDRIS ( PERAK). 4. YANG DIPERTUAN BESAR TUANKU MUHAMMAD SHAH (NEGERI SEMBILAN); 5. GABENOR (SINGAPURA); 6. BRITISH RESIDENT PAHANG, HUGH CLIFFORD; 7. DATO' MAHARAJA PERBA JELAI, LIPIS. 8. DATO' SHAH BANDAR, HAJI AHMAD, SUNGAI UJONG. 9. DATO KAYA INDERA PAHLAWAN, CHENOR. 10. DATO' KAYA SHAH BANDAR, PEKAN. G.122 (N.45)
    F.M.S. Durbar, First. Photograph of Officials, Kuala Kangsar; 1897. 1) Tengku Mahmud (Tengku Besar Pahang), 2) Sultan Abdul Samat (Selangor), 3) Sultan Idris (Perak), 4) Yang Di Pertuan Besar (YDPB) Mohd Shah (Negeri Sembilan), 5) Gabenor Singapore, Refer, 6) British Resident Pahang, Hugh Clifford, 7) Datok Raja Perba Jelai Lipis, 8) Datok Shah Bandar , Haji Ahmad Sungai Ujong, 10) Dato' Kaya Indera Pahlawan Chenor 11) Datok Raya Setia Jaya Semantan Tok Bahaman, 12) Tok Gajah, 13) Mat Kilau, 14) Mat Lela. G.2063 (N.679)
    His Highness the Yang Di Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Muhammad, the chiefs and his followers, 1897. Seated (left to right): Yang Teramat Mulia Dato Kelana Putra, Maamor bin Kassim, Undang of Sungai Ujong; Yang Maha Mulia Yang Di Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Muhammad; Yang Teramat Mulia Dato Bidin, Undang of Rembau. Standing (left to right): Yang Mulia Dato Johan Ismail, Pantai; Yang Mulia Tengku Sayid Abu Bakar bin Sayid Ismail, Rasah; YangTeramat Mulia Dato Abdullah, Undang of Jelebu; 1897. Note: Taken probably before or after the First Federated Malay States Durbar at Kuala Kangsar in 1897. G.347 (N.116)
    His Highness Sultan Ahmad Maatham Shah ibni Almarhum Ali, Sultan of Pahang and his followers. Note : Taken probably before or after the First Federated Malay States (F.M.S.) Durbar in Kuala Kangsar in 1897. G.1675 (N.40)
    His Highness Sultan Idris of Perak (seated) and his followers. Note : Taken probably before or after the First Federated Malay States (F.M.S.) Durbar in Kuala Kangsar in 1897. The Indian umbrella bearer (turbaned) is the same person as in P 122? G.1683 (N.51)
    Fording the river near Kuala Kangsar on elephants. Probably taken during the Federal Conference ( 1st Durbar ) period in July 1897 and quite possibly this was when the party was on its way to
    Garden Party at Kuala Kangsar Residency Terrace given by F.A. Swettenham, Residents-General, in honour of His Excellency Sir Charles Mitchell, Rulers and Chiefs of Federated Malay States (F.M.S.), in July, 1897 during the First Federated Malay States (F.M.S.) Durbar. G.1680 (N.47)
    His Excellence Sir Charles B.H. Mitchell, High Commissioner, Federated Malay States (F.M.S.), inspecting Guard of Honour mounted by the Malay States Guides under the command of Lieutenant Colonel R.S.F. Walker, before the opening of the First Federated Malay States (F.M.S.) Durbar in July, 1897 at Kuala Kangsar. Sir Charles Mitchell is seen in the centre of the picture in plumed hat nearest to the Guides. G.1687 (N.57)
    The Conference of Rulers has its origins in the 1897 Durbar, the Council of Rulers for the Federated Malay States, under the British colonial regime. Only the four Federated Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang were represented at the Durbar, which first convened in 1897. The purpose of the Durbar, as described by Resident-General Frank Swettenham, was to "bring home to the Malays, in the most striking manner possible, the reality of federation"

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